This chapter deals with an historical overview of sturgeon fishery in France and with preservation and conservation issues. It includes conclusions and recommendations of the many scientific surveys, which have almost always been neglected. The cause of the decline in the population, fishery regulations, and the deterioration of the environment are described in detail. Proposals for the preservation and conservation of the species from the late 1970s on are briefly presented. The subsequent three-leg strategy is described: (1) the necessity to improve our knowledge of the biology of the remaining population, (2) the inevitable restocking programme to sustain the population, and (3) the need to use another sturgeon species as a biological model to acquire experience on life-cycle characteristics and to develop methods of artificial reproduction for subsequent application to Acipenser sturio. Conservation measures, both in situ and ex situ, are summarised. The analysis highlights the absence of (1) a resource-oriented fishery policy, and (2) measures to preserve biodiversity.